LONEITUTE THIAN
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
Botanical name:Arachis hypogea Linn
English : Groundnut
Hindi :Mungphali
Badam hi khawvela thlai pawimawh zual zingah 13-na a ni a. Tropical leh Sub-Tropical rama kawmnei (legume) leh hriak nei thlai pawimawh tak a ni a, khawvel ram 90 ah an ching. Khawvela badam ching tam zual ramte chu India, China, USA, Senegal, Indonesia, Nigeria, Brazil leh Argentina te an ni. Protein leh hriak pai tam thlai pawimawh tak a ni.
India ram hi khawvela badam hmun nei zau ber kan ni a, khawvelah badam hmun za zela 32 (%) zet hi India ramah a awm. Kum 1992 thleng kha chuan khawvelah badam thar tam ber a ni thin. Amaherawhchu, kum 1993 atang kha chuan China hi khawvela badam thar tam ber a lo ni ta a, a chhan chu an thar hlawk vang a ni a, India chu pahnihna a ni ta.
India hmarchhak ramah hian badam tih thama chin a ni ngai lova. Amaherawhchu, tihtak deuhva chin a nih hian ni 100-120 chhung chauhvin a kawr kheh lovin hectare khat hmunah qtl 30-35 zet a thar ta a, chu chu All India average hectare khat hmun a qtl 10 ai chuan sang tak a ni. Hmarchhak State leithura badam chin dan hi chik taka zirna a la awm ngai lova, a thar pawh a hlawk lo viau thin reng a ni. Chutiang a nih avang chuan hmarchhak ramah hian badam chin dan leh thar hlawk dante, badam chi tha ngei ching tura nasa taka tan lak mek a ni.
SIK LEH SA :
India hmarchhak ram hi tlangram, ruahtui tamna a ni a, a ram pawh a hnawng a, kumkhat chhunga ruahtui tam lam hi 980-11420mm zet a ni a, a lum leh vawh lam pawh hi 18.3 ℃ atanga 29.9 ℃ inkar a chawhrual a ni. Hei hi badam chinna tlak, hlawk taka thar theihna a ni a, sik leh sa leh a hnawn dan pawh hi a tha viau a ni. Chuvangin kumkhatah fur, thlasik leh nipui (kharif, rabi leh summer) ah a chin theih.
A CHIN HUN :
Hmarchhakah hian India ram hmun dang aiin an ching hma deuh. Kharif ah chuan May-June hi chin hun tha ber a ni a, rabi ah chuan September-October ah an ching a. Hetih lai hian badam chin hun chu a tlangpui thuin June leh July thlate hi a ni deuh ber bawk. Kharif ah hian a buk chi (bunch) leh a zam chi (runner) an ching deuhva, rabi ah chuan a buk chi an ching deuh ber. Kharif a ni emaw rabi a ni emaw ruahtui tamnaah chuan tui chim pumpelh turin leiletah (Phaizawlah) lei an rit pawng a, tah chuan an ching thin. Hmun hulhar leh sang deuhah (upland & medium land) chuan lei hnawngah badam an ching.
A tiah laia boruak vawt te, a kungin than a pek laia boruak vawt te hi badam chin buaithlakna leh a thar a hlawk loh chhan pakhat a ni.
LEILUNG :
Tui inpaih huhil thei, leitha (well drained) tiauvut leh sawntlung lei inpawlh (sandy loam) hi badam chinna lei a ni a, leinghet a tha lo. Leithur tak leh tui inpaih huhil thei manglo hmunah chuan badam chin loh hram a tha. A thur lam hi pH 5.0 - 7.0 inkar nise a tha. pH hi 5.5 aia a hniam chuan chinai thi hectare khat a zauvah qtl 20 laia pek tur a ni.
BADAM HMUN RUAHMAN DAN :
Badam chinna tur chuan tum 3-4 lai lei leh a, hrut dipa hrut rual leh bawk tur. A hma lama lo chin thlai bul leh hnim te pawh paihfai vek tur a ni bawk. Ran zun-ek leitha emaw hnim hnah tawih leitha kan pek tur angte chu leileh rual hian leiah leh pawlh nghal vek a tha.
Badam chi hi zaa 70(%) vel a tiak tlangpui a, hei vang hian thlai kung puitling duhtawk nei tura thlai chi mamawh zat dik tak chin hi badam chin chungchangah thil pawimawh tak a ni a. Badam kheh loh tha tak tak thlan a, kut lawng emaw kut nena khehna (hand decorticator) khawl hmanga dim taka chin dawn tep a kheh tur a ni, a chhan chu a chi hi tih chhiat a awl a, a tiah theih hun chhung a tawi bawk si, khehsa dahthat lah hi rannungin a tichhe duh bawk si a. A chi lian tha tha thlan a ngailo nain an tiak tha thei tur a ni.
Thlai chi mamawh emaw ngaituah ngai zat chu a chi len leh tet a thute, leh a bi khat dan a zirte, a chi tiah that duhdan a zirte a ni. Hectare hmun atan kharif ah badam chi kg 90-110 kan mamawh ang a, rabi ah kg 100-120 kan mamawh thung ang.
Source : Lalthanzuala
MSc.(Ag) ,Agro, PG Dip.Agmark
Thlai chin dan
Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry)
Mizoram
Page No : 82 - 88
First Edition-2011
THLAI CHI NGAI ZAT :
THLAI CHIN DAN :
A chinna tur buatsaih saah chuan a tlar mumal taka chin tur a ni a. A bi thuk zawng hi inch 2 vel nise a tawk. A tlar leh tlar hi inch 12-16 nise, a tlara a bi inkar erawh chu inch 4 nise a tawk. Bi khatah a chi 2 zel thlak ila a tawk bawk.
THLAI CHI DAMDAWIA BUAL :
Thlai chi hi chin hmain damdawia bual hmasak phawta chin a tha. Damdawi hman turte chu Thiram 5gm thlai chi kg 1 atan emaw Dithane M-45 3gm thlai chi kg 1 atan a tawk.
LEITHA PEK :
Ran zun-ek leitha leh hnimhnah tawih leitha badam hmun hectare khata zauvah qtl 50-100 vel emaw mahni tlin tawka tam pek a tha. Fertilizer pek tur zat pawh hetiang hian chhut chhuah a ni.
Table 16 :
| N | SSP aia DAP kan hman chuan kg 130 pek tur a ni a, Urea Kg 15 pek tel a ngai thung ang | |||
| P2O5 | ||||
| K2O |
Heng fertilizer te hi leia leh pawlh vek tur a ni. Thlai bi bulah pek a tha. Lei hi a thawl (light) deuh chuan nitrogen pek tur zatve hi thlai chin ruala pek nise, a zatve dang chu thlai chin hnu ni 30 ah emaw hlo thlawh hnuhnung ber rual emaw, a kawm a lo inhampuar tan velah leia lehpawlh tur a ni. Badam kawm lo insiam leh a than chhoh zel nan hian leitha pek a pawimawh hle. Chutiang bawkin chinai thi pek vangin a zung a bawk(Nodulation) tha duh. Badam hian a nitrogen mamawh zat atanga zaa 60-80(%) zet hi root nodule hmangin a lo siam ve thei a, chuvangin zaa 20-40(%) chauh hi thildang hmanga pek tur a ni. Thlaiin nitrogen a tlakchham chuan a tiah atanga ni 10-45 velah leh a kawm insiam laiin a lo lang thin.
Thlai chi te chu chin hmain Rhibobium leh Phosphotica-a bual(inoculate) hmasak a tha. Rhizobium 200 gm leh Phosphotica 200gm hi chawhpawlh a, a diak tawka tui nen chawhpawlha, badam chi kg 10 nen nuai tur a ni. A tihdan chu sarangah khungkhawma thin pawlh a, daihlima pho ro tur a ni. A bei ngheh nan thingpui thlum emaw tuiah chini tlem telha hman tur a ni. Thlai thar rangin rhizobium culture an thatpui zawk.
TUI PEK :
Badam hi ruah vantla ringa chin a ni ber a, chin dawna khua a ro viau emaw ruahsur hma khawro taka thlai kan ching dawn anih chuan tui pek hmasak a tha. Chu chu a tiah that duh nana tih a ni. Thlaiin tui a mamawh zual hun chu zar a neih tan hunte, a par lai leh kawm a insiam hunlaite hi a ni. Tuilak (irrigation) a chawm a nih chuan a pek ngun dan chu a lei a zirte, khaw awmdan a zirte a ni a, tuipek inkar hi ni 8-12 vel nise a tawk. Kan ramah te hi chuan ruahtui a tam avangin leh a hrana tuipek hi kan harsat avangin tuipek hi lungkham vak a ngai lo, mahse, a tul zual huna khua a ro chuan pek tum hram a tha.
HLO THLAWH :
Kan ram hi ruahtui a tam em avang hian kharif ah chuan hnim hi badam hmunah a lungkham awm hle. Rabi-ah chuan a ziaawm deuh.
Chin atanga ni 60 chhung hi thlai tan hnim a hnawksak hun ber a ni a, hetih hun chhunga hlo kan thlawhfai chuan a thar hlawk phah em em bawk. Thlai chin atanga ni 25-na a hlo thlawh paha thlai bul rihdur emaw rihvur a, a hnu thlai chin atanga ni 40-na vela kuta hlo thlawh leh hi a sawtin a hlawk hle. Pendimethalin emaw Butachlor (hlo tûr) thlai chin hun lai vela kg 1 hmanga kah a, a hnuah thlai chin atanga ni 40-50 na vela hlo thlawh paha thlai bul rihdur leh hi a tha ber. Sawi tawh angin kuta hlo thlawh leh thlai bul rihdur vel hian a kawm insiam, a peng leia lut tur a tanpui nasa a, mahse, dim a ngaiin fimkhur hle a tha. Phosphorus leh Potassium te hi thlai than duhnate, a kawm inhampuar that nan leh a tak that nan te, a thar hlawk nan te a pawimawh em em. Hmarchhak state ah te hi chuan phosphorus pek nan Single Super Phosphate (SSP) leh Rock phosphate (RP) fertilizer te hi recommend a ni.
THLAI VENHIM :
Natna : Khua a vawh deuh avang pawh a ni anga India ram hmundangte aiin hmarchhak state-ah te hian natna a tam ve vak lova. Amaherawhchu, ruahtui a tam a, khua a hnawn bawk avangin khawlum a lo thlen chang chuan natna pawhin nasa takin a tichhe ve bawk thin tho. Natna Early Leaf Spot, Late Leaf Spot leh Rust te hi hmarchhakah hnah natna lar zual a ni. A dangte chu wilt leh stem rot te an ni. Early leaf spot zingah Tikka natna hi a hlauhawm ber a, thlai hnah zaa 50 (%) lai a tichhe thei. A dang erawh chu chuti vakin a hlauhawm lo. Thlasik leh nipui (Rabi leh Summer) thlai pawhin natna hlauhawm a tuar vak lo.
Heng natna tidam emaw control tur hian Bavistin leh Derosal hi tha bera ngaih a ni. Amaherawhchu, Carbendazim 0.05% + Mancozeb 0.02% te hi a tangkaiin thlai chin hnu ni 50 (50 DAS) thleng a kah tur a ni. Thlai chin hma (May) a sawt em em bawk. Damdawi erawh hman zui tho a tha.
Badam hnahah thil hang (spot) rawng eng dal/lar in a hual vel a, a hnah puitlin hmaa a tla (til) thin hi tikka natna awm dan a ni. Bavistin 0.05% (Bavistin 50 WP 1gm leh tui litre 1 pawlh + Dithane M45 0.2% Dithane M 45 2gm leh tui litre 1 pawlh) hmangin tum 2-3 chawlkar 2-3 danah thlai tuh atanga chawlhkar 4-5 hnua kahin a veng emaw a tidam thei hle.
Rannung : Natna ang bawkin rannung badam tichhe thin te hi hun dang aiin kharif-ah a tam bik a, a chhan chu ruahtui tamlai, thlai thanduan lai a ni a. A hnahte pawh a lo buk a, hei hi rannungin chawah ringin tawmbukah an hmang bawk. Hmarchhaka rannung thlai tana hnawksak lar zualte chu leaf folder, leaf miner, red hairy caterpillar, leaf hopper, flower beetles, white grubs (vual), termites (tlumpi) leh mealy bugs te an ni. Leaf folder (hnahkhawr) hi a hluar viau chuan a thar za a 16-19 (%) zetin a kiam thei a, white grub pawhin a rah za a 12-15(%) zetin a tichhe thei thin. Heng rannung thah nan hian Monocrotophos 0.05% (Monocil 35EC 1.4ml leh tui litre 1 pawlh) emaw Dimethoate 0.05% (Rogor 30EC 1.7ml leh tui litre 1 pawlh) a kah a tha. Hei bakah white grub thlai zung eichhiaa a kung tivuaia ti thi zui thin laka ven nan thlaichi te Chlorpyriphos 20EC 12.5 ml thlai chi kg 1 bual nana hman emaw Thimet (10G) kg 20-25 badam chinna hmun hectare khat a zau leia phul emaw Carbofuran kg 1.5 a.i rannungin thlai a tih chhiat laia hman tur. Tlumpi, thlai zung eichhiaa a thlai tihlum thin thah nan hectare khat hmunah chlorpyriphos (2%) kg 40-45 hman tur.
CROPPING SYSTEM :
Hmarchhak ramah hian kan thlai thar a hlawk lovin kan ram (leilet emaw lo nghet) kan hmang khat tawk lo hle a (low cropping intensity). Hma kan sawnna turin indawt zata awl pawh awm lova thlai kan chin (crop rotation or sequence) leh a ruala inkar thelha chin (intercropping) hi kan tih tur a ni. Chutianga kan tihve dawn chuan a hmahruaitu atan leithur haw lo, chinai thi pek ngeih thlaiin hma hruai sela a tha a, chutiang atan chuan buh hian a mil viau a, a dawt leh ah badam hi a tha leh hle bawk. Cropping intensity (%) tisanga thlai thar hlawk theihna turin a hnuaia entirna tha tak hi zawm atan a tha. A dang pawh ruahman tur tha tak tak a awm tho ang.
Table 17 :
VARIETY :
Badam ah hian variety hrang hrang engemaw zat a awm a. Mizorama kan lo chin ve hi eng variety chiah nge hriat mai a har tawh a, local variety ti pawhin kan sawi thei mai ang. Agriculture Department hian JL-24 leh TG-1A a la chhuak bawk a, heng hi chu high yielding variety a ni thung. An chanchin tlangpuite chu tiang hi a ni.
Table 18:
Assam Agriculture University Jorhat te, NE a ICAR Research Complex State hrang hrang a mi te, National Research Centre for Groundnut (NRCG) Jugnagadh leh All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut (AICRPG) tang hovin variety tha an thlante, a chindan tha zawk, leitha pek (INM), thlai venhim (IPM) lamte helai hmun a hlawk taka badam kan thar theihna turin an lo zir mek zel a. An badam chi tha thlan Mizorama chin tur chu hengte hi a ni.
1) ICGS-76 - Mu hnih nei Virginia bunch variety ICRISAT in kum 1989 a an released a ni. Kheh hnuah a chi 72.0% a haw a, 42.5% hriak a pai a, a chi 100 buk hi 50gm a ni. Kharif a chin chi a ni bawk.
2) ICGV-86590 - Mu 3-4 nei, natna leh rannung badam tichhetu tam tak do thei, Spanish bunch variety, ICRISAT atanga kum 1991 a released a ni. Kheh hnuah a chi 62% a haw a, 41.6% hriak a pai a, a chi 100 rih zawng hi 40gm a ni. Kharif-a chin chi a ni bawk.
3) CSMG 84-1 - Virginia runner variety CSAUAT Mainpuri in kum 1992 a a release a ni a, kheh hnuah a chi 63.5% a haw a, 46.8% hriak a pai a, a chi 100 rih zawng hi 38.4gm a ni. Kharif a chin chi a ni bawk.
4) A dangte chu ICGS 44, GGB leh GG-22 te an ni.
THLAI SENG LEH VAWN THAT :
Badam hi seng a hun chuan a hnah a lo eng thin a, chu chu thlai seng hun enna a ni reng a, mahse, hmarchhakah hian ruahtui a tam a, lei a hnawn avangin a seng hunah pawh a hnah a eng lemlo. Khuate pawh a vawh deuh bawk avangin hmun danga an thar hun aiin variety thuhmun pawh ni 10-15 laiin a tlai tlangpui.
Seng hun hmaa seng vangin a thar hlawk lova, a hriak pai a tlahniam a, a quality hrim hrim a tha lo zawk. Chubakah hnawng a pai tam avangin hmuar leh thil dangin a tichhe duh bik. Seng tlai pawh a tha lo, stem rot te, a rah kuang a mawih emaw rova tliak a tam a, a rah chhar lohvin leiah chhar engemaw zat a riral thin. Spanish leh Valencia bunch variety te hi bekang ang maia a chi tiah theih loh lailawk (dormancy) a nei lova, a chawr thei mai a, chutiang anih chuan a thar hlawk lo. A tlangpui thuin lei a la hnawn deuh lai chuan a kungah an pawt a, an pawt phawng mai thin. Anih loh pawhin tuthlawh te pawhin an hai bawk thin.
Chawh veleh badam chu a rang thei ang bera ni a pho ro tur a ni, a hnawng pai hi zaa 5-7 (%) ah hnuhniam a ngai. Chuti anih loh chuan Aspergillus flavus vangin aflatoxin a lo insiam thin. Badam phoro sa te chu thenfai hnuah saiip (buara) ah thuna a him thei ang bera chhuara dah that tur. A dahna pawh hi thingphel phah chung nise a tha.
Badam chi hi a dah dan fimkhur loh phei chuan a thi (tiak tha thei lo) rang hle mai a. Chuvangin fimkhur taka dah that a ngai. A dahna saiip pawh a chhunga saranga lining chi hi nise a tha. Hetiang bag chhunga badam chi kg 30 daha CaC12 100 gm phul bawka dah that chuan thlaruk hnuah pawh za a 80 (%) a la tiak thei. Hei hi keini hmarchhaka badam chingtute hian hriat a tha hle.